Monday, April 28, 2008
Jun 25 - Jun 28: AILA 2008 Annual Conference
Jul 28 - Jul 31: 2008 National Migration Conference
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Patient perceptions of how physicians communicate during prostate cancer screening discussions: a comparison of residents and faculty.
Fam Med. 2008 Mar; 40(3): 181-7
Kerns JW, Krist AH, Woolf SH, Flores SK, Johnson RE
BACKGROUND: Residents are required to demonstrate competency in communication skills. Prostate cancer screening discussions are examples of complex physician-patient communication processes, requiring an objective presentation of the known risks, potential benefits, and scientific uncertainties surrounding screening. National organizations recommend shared decision making (SDM) in these discussions. METHODS: A stratified analysis to contrast resident and faculty outcomes was planned as part of a randomized controlled trial comparing decision aids for prostate cancer screening in a suburban Washington, DC, residency practice. All eligible men between the ages of 50 and 70 years scheduled for a wellness examination with either a resident or a faculty physician were randomly assigned to one of two intervention arms (Web- or paper-based decision aid) or to the control group (no pre-visit education). Patients were asked to complete exit surveys that evaluated their perceptions of key elements of SDM for prostate cancer screening (PCS). RESULTS: Patients seen by resident physicians were younger than patients seen by faculty, and a smaller proportion had undergone previous prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing. Patients seen by residents and faculty reported similar levels of the elements of SDM (eg, knowledge about PCS, achieving their desired locus of control for the decision) and similar time spent discussing screening. Both groups also had nearly identical decisional conflict scores and PSA testing rates. Residents discussed more PCS topics (6.3 versus 5.3 topics), including more topics that might influence a patient to decide against screening, than did faculty physicians. CONCLUSIONS: According to patient perceptions, residents appeared to perform as well as faculty in SDM and other aspects of PCS discussions, although the topics that they covered with patients might have differed.
[Effectiveness of prophylaxis against tuberculosis in patients infected with HIV.]
Biomedica. 2007 Dec; 27(4): 515-25
Arbeláez MP, Arbeláez A, Gómez RD, Rojas C, Vélez L, Arias SL, Nagles J, Peláez LM, Betancourt G, Velásquez G
Introduction. Prophylaxis against tuberculosis has been recognized as important for preventing clinical forms of tuberculosis, mainly in HIV positive patients. However, in countries with high tuberculosis prevalence, prophylaxis application and effectiveness remains controversial. Objective. Effectiveness was established for two prophylaxis regimens -isoniazid treatment for nine months and pirazinamid/rifampin for 60 days. Materials and methods. Two cohort groups of patients diagnosed with HIV/AIDS were compared. One consisted of 131 volunteer patients, who received one of the two prophylactic regimens -pirazinamid/rifampin or isoniazid. The tuberculosis treatment drugs were self-administered and independent of tuberculin response tests. The second group consisted of 200 patients selected from the records of a HIV/AIDS control program. Follow up for both groups was conducted over a two-year period through clinical records. Results. The 2 groups were similar with respect to clinical and demographic variables. A higher proportion of patients in the control group had CD4 counts <200/ml and viral load >100,000 copies. In the prophylactic group, 8% of patients reported adverse effects due to the drug, and one person had tuberculosis in that group (0.8%). Ten persons in the control group contracted tuberculosis (5%) RR=0.15, 95%CI 0.02-1.18, p=0.07. The prophylaxis protective level was calculated to be 80%, after taking into account CD4, viral load, and effective antiretroviral therapy. Conclusion. The prophylaxis against tuberculosis was effective in HIV positive patients, independently of the immune status, viral load, and highly effective antiretroviral therapy.
[In Process Citation]
Biomedica. 2007 Dec; 27(4): 498-504
Cáceres Fde M, Orozco LC
Incidence of and factors for non-compliance to antituberculous treatment Introduction. Tuberculosis is a public health problem. Non-compliance with treatment regimes increases morbidity-mortality, perpetuates transmission and generates bacterial resistance. It is necessary to know incidence and associated factors to non-compliance for performance interventions. Objective. The incidence of and associated factors associated with non-compliance to antituberculous treatment were investigated. Materials and methods. A follow-up study was conducted in an adult cohort with tuberculosis, living in an urban area. Non-compliance was defined as treatment default of 30 days or more. Patients were interviewed at the initiation of treatment and and re-interviewed in subsequent intervals. Outcome was defined as the period of time until treatment abandonment. Non-compliance rates were calculated, as well as survival curves; the Cox regression model was used to adjust for associated variables. Results. Of the 261 patients who were interviewed, 39 (14.9%) had abandoned treatment (rate 0.4 episodes/1,000 days-person, 95%CI 0.2-0.8). Factors associated with compliance were family support (HR=0.4, 95%CI 0.2-0.9), secondary drug effects (HR=0.2, 95%CI 0.1-0.6) and opportunity to receive treatment at the clinic where tuberculosis was diagnosed (HR=0.3, 95%CI 0.1-0.6). Risk factors for non-compliance were as follows: treatment requiring >2 months (HR=14.3, 95%CI 1.8-112.7), low socioeconomic status (HR=3.90, 95%CI 2.1-9.3), age between 21-30 years (HR=20.6, 95%CI 2.4-175.4), history of incarceration (HR=2.2, 95%CI 1.0-5.4), skipping treatments more that twice (HR=6.6, 95%CI 2.8-15.6) and co-infection with HIV/AIDS (HR=2.9, 95%CI 1.6-5.4). Conclusion. Non-compliance rate is higher than previously reported. The data recommend the following strategies for improving compliance with antituberculosis treatment: (1) early diagnosis, (2) opportune treatment, (3) improved family support and (4) immediate intervention if a treatment is missed -especially in patients with HIV/AIDS, from low socioeconomic strata, or with record of incarceration.
When Did HIV Incidence Peak in Harare, Zimbabwe? Back-Calculation from Mortality Statistics.
PLoS ONE. 2008; 3(3): e1711
Lopman B, Gregson S
HIV prevalence has recently begun to decline in Zimbabwe, a result of both high levels of AIDS mortality and a reduction in incident infections. An important component in understanding the dynamics in HIV prevalence is knowledge of past trends in incidence, such as when incidence peaked and at what level. However, empirical measurements of incidence over an extended time period are not available from Zimbabwe or elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa. Using mortality data, we use a back-calculation technique to reconstruct historic trends in incidence. From AIDS mortality data, extracted from death registration in Harare, together with an estimate of survival post-infection, HIV incidence trends were reconstructed that would give rise to the observed patterns of AIDS mortality. Models were fitted assuming three parametric forms of the incidence curve and under nine different assumptions regarding combinations of trends in non-AIDS mortality and patterns of survival post-infection with HIV. HIV prevalence was forward-projected from the fitted incidence and mortality curves. Models that constrained the incidence pattern to a cubic spline function were flexible and produced well-fitting, realistic patterns of incidence. In models assuming constant levels of non-AIDS mortality, annual incidence peaked between 4 and 5% between 1988 and 1990. Under other assumptions the peak level ranged from 3 to 8% per annum. However, scenarios assuming increasing levels of non-AIDS mortality resulted in implausibly low estimates of peak prevalence (11%), whereas models with decreasing underlying crude mortality could be consistent with the prevalence and mortality data. HIV incidence is most likely to have peaked in Harare between 1988 and 1990, which may have preceded the peak elsewhere in Zimbabwe. This finding, considered alongside the timing and location of HIV prevention activities, will give insight into the decline of HIV prevalence in Zimbabwe.