Cognition, Vol. 75, No. 1. (14 April 2000), pp. 1-28.
The present paper evaluates the claim that abstract conceptual domains are structured through metaphorical mappings from domains grounded directly in experience. In particular, the paper asks whether the abstract domain of time gets its relational structure from the more concrete domain of space. Relational similarities between space and time are outlined along with several explanations of how these similarities may have arisen. Three experiments designed to distinguish between these explanations are described. The results indicate that (1) the domains of space and time do share conceptual structure, (2) spatial relational information is just as useful for thinking about time as temporal information, and (3) with frequent use, mappings between space and time come to be stored in the domain of time and so thinking about time does not necessarily require access to spatial schemas. These findings provide some of the first empirical evidence for Metaphoric Structuring. It appears that abstract domains such as time are indeed shaped by metaphorical mappings from more concrete and experiential domains such as space.
Tuesday, May 6, 2008
Bloody Mallory - A Decidedly Different Horror Flic
Bloody Mallory - A Decidedly Different Horror Flick by Damien Chambers
Tagline: Evil Has a New Enemy.
When I think of off-the-wall horror/comedy films, rarely do the French spring to mind. But that's exactly where this guilty pleasure of a movie originates from. Featuring an international cast, Bloody Mallory aims for cult status with an eclectic blend of martial arts, manga attitude, and lots of girls in brightly-colored wigs.
At the dawn of the third millennium, a group of Anti-Paranormal Commandos is led by Mallory (Olivia Bonamy), a beautiful monster hunter with hot red hair and an equally hot pink hearse. Rounding out her group is Vena Cava (Jeffrey Ribier), a towering transvestite who also happens to be an explosives specialist, and Talking Tina (Thylda Bares), a blue-haired pre-teen who's mute, telepathic, and has a 360 IQ. When Pope Hieronymus I (Laurent Spielvogel) is kidnapped, Mallory and her gang must team up with a Vatican bodyguard, Father Carras (Adria Collado), to battle ghouls, fallen angels, succubi, and a vampire of the French aristocracy named Lady Valentine (Valentina Vargas). If they succeed, the world is saved. But if they fail, an ancient prophecy will be fulfilled and mankind will disappear from the earth forever. Sound funky? Well, that's because it is.
While I'll certainly give screenwriters Stephane Kazandjian and Julien Magnat (who also directed) credit for originality of plot, much of the script is flat, uneven, and fails to elevate the film beyond simple low-budget fare. There are times that Mallory looks and sounds like a really well-made porno (without the sex, of course), but it's still hard to hate a movie which includes lines like The Popemobile is waiting downstairs or Vena Cava and Talking Tina, stay with the Pope. It's so absurd that it has a certain charm all its own. What a shame that so many of the interesting ideas are never full realized.
The look of the film, although obviously low-budget, is still one of its strongest points, and the manga influence is obvious throughout. Right from the beginning, we're treated to two very nice shots. The first is Mallory chasing down her demonic husband (Julien Boisselier) with an axe (seems she unknowingly married a demon and he wanted to sacrifice her on their wedding night), and the second is a beautifully rendered shot of the Paris skyline with gargoyles prominently displayed in the foreground. These two moments really set the tone early and give viewers a taste of things to come.
The costuming is top-notch, with each outfit adding to the wearer's personality and attitude. There's also the fact that none of the main characters go with their natural hair color. From bright red to neon blue, we can once again see the heavy influence of Japanese animation on the look and feel of the film. One can't help but wonder if the director would have cast actors with unusually large eyes if they had been available.
But while the trippy mish-mash of styles and colors may work in the visual department, it proves to be an impediment in other areas. Just when you think the movie is going to get all dark and heavy-handed, something completely absurd happens. Then, when you start digging the comedic aspect of Mallory, it throws you another curve ball and changes tone again. Director Julien Magnat described his film as a gothic comedy. I prefer to call it a mess. The lack of a consistent tone hurts the picture in the long run, never allowing the audience to settle into a comfortable rhythm. While it still has its moments, I only wish that they would have picked a genre and stuck with it. I guess they were trying to do what Buffy the Vampire Slayer or From Dusk Till Dawn did. Unfortunately, viewers of Mallory will quickly realize that those films did it far better.
One notable exception is the relationship between Mallory and her dead husband, which is played out over the course of the film. Even though she chopped him up with an axe and consigned his soul to limbo, Mallory continues to contact him via ritual for critical information. These scenes are nicely done, and the audience can tell that this couple still grudgingly cares for one another, despite their history of violence and betrayal. This culminates when Mallory is near death and her ex-husband holds the key to her salvation.
The action sequences are about what you'd expect from a low-budget film, although there are some respectable special effects and computer animation. But the action is usually brief, and there's not as much of it as one might hope. And if you're looking for a lot of gore, look elsewhere. With the exception of a few interesting moments (exploding nuns), the blood and guts are kept to a minimum.
The cast does an adequate job considering the level of film they're in, although most seem doomed to toil in B-movies for the duration of their careers. The standout is the film's star, Olivia Bonamy. Clad in red leather and sporting a variety of weapons, Bonamy is able to look action-ready while still maintaining a ton of sex appeal. She also does a respectable job in the action sequences (unlike, say, Kristy Swanson in Buffy) and seems to be having a campy good time. It's hard to gauge how much acting talent she actually has, as the film simply doesn't require that much from its lead. But she does have a strong screen presence and knockout looks, so she's already ahead of the game.
Overall, Mallory will most likely be a disappointment for those looking for high art or a top-flight genre film. But if you've lowered your expectations and simply want a few laughs and something to watch while you eat a bag of popcorn, then this may be the movie for you.
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Tagline: Evil Has a New Enemy.
When I think of off-the-wall horror/comedy films, rarely do the French spring to mind. But that's exactly where this guilty pleasure of a movie originates from. Featuring an international cast, Bloody Mallory aims for cult status with an eclectic blend of martial arts, manga attitude, and lots of girls in brightly-colored wigs.
At the dawn of the third millennium, a group of Anti-Paranormal Commandos is led by Mallory (Olivia Bonamy), a beautiful monster hunter with hot red hair and an equally hot pink hearse. Rounding out her group is Vena Cava (Jeffrey Ribier), a towering transvestite who also happens to be an explosives specialist, and Talking Tina (Thylda Bares), a blue-haired pre-teen who's mute, telepathic, and has a 360 IQ. When Pope Hieronymus I (Laurent Spielvogel) is kidnapped, Mallory and her gang must team up with a Vatican bodyguard, Father Carras (Adria Collado), to battle ghouls, fallen angels, succubi, and a vampire of the French aristocracy named Lady Valentine (Valentina Vargas). If they succeed, the world is saved. But if they fail, an ancient prophecy will be fulfilled and mankind will disappear from the earth forever. Sound funky? Well, that's because it is.
While I'll certainly give screenwriters Stephane Kazandjian and Julien Magnat (who also directed) credit for originality of plot, much of the script is flat, uneven, and fails to elevate the film beyond simple low-budget fare. There are times that Mallory looks and sounds like a really well-made porno (without the sex, of course), but it's still hard to hate a movie which includes lines like The Popemobile is waiting downstairs or Vena Cava and Talking Tina, stay with the Pope. It's so absurd that it has a certain charm all its own. What a shame that so many of the interesting ideas are never full realized.
The look of the film, although obviously low-budget, is still one of its strongest points, and the manga influence is obvious throughout. Right from the beginning, we're treated to two very nice shots. The first is Mallory chasing down her demonic husband (Julien Boisselier) with an axe (seems she unknowingly married a demon and he wanted to sacrifice her on their wedding night), and the second is a beautifully rendered shot of the Paris skyline with gargoyles prominently displayed in the foreground. These two moments really set the tone early and give viewers a taste of things to come.
The costuming is top-notch, with each outfit adding to the wearer's personality and attitude. There's also the fact that none of the main characters go with their natural hair color. From bright red to neon blue, we can once again see the heavy influence of Japanese animation on the look and feel of the film. One can't help but wonder if the director would have cast actors with unusually large eyes if they had been available.
But while the trippy mish-mash of styles and colors may work in the visual department, it proves to be an impediment in other areas. Just when you think the movie is going to get all dark and heavy-handed, something completely absurd happens. Then, when you start digging the comedic aspect of Mallory, it throws you another curve ball and changes tone again. Director Julien Magnat described his film as a gothic comedy. I prefer to call it a mess. The lack of a consistent tone hurts the picture in the long run, never allowing the audience to settle into a comfortable rhythm. While it still has its moments, I only wish that they would have picked a genre and stuck with it. I guess they were trying to do what Buffy the Vampire Slayer or From Dusk Till Dawn did. Unfortunately, viewers of Mallory will quickly realize that those films did it far better.
One notable exception is the relationship between Mallory and her dead husband, which is played out over the course of the film. Even though she chopped him up with an axe and consigned his soul to limbo, Mallory continues to contact him via ritual for critical information. These scenes are nicely done, and the audience can tell that this couple still grudgingly cares for one another, despite their history of violence and betrayal. This culminates when Mallory is near death and her ex-husband holds the key to her salvation.
The action sequences are about what you'd expect from a low-budget film, although there are some respectable special effects and computer animation. But the action is usually brief, and there's not as much of it as one might hope. And if you're looking for a lot of gore, look elsewhere. With the exception of a few interesting moments (exploding nuns), the blood and guts are kept to a minimum.
The cast does an adequate job considering the level of film they're in, although most seem doomed to toil in B-movies for the duration of their careers. The standout is the film's star, Olivia Bonamy. Clad in red leather and sporting a variety of weapons, Bonamy is able to look action-ready while still maintaining a ton of sex appeal. She also does a respectable job in the action sequences (unlike, say, Kristy Swanson in Buffy) and seems to be having a campy good time. It's hard to gauge how much acting talent she actually has, as the film simply doesn't require that much from its lead. But she does have a strong screen presence and knockout looks, so she's already ahead of the game.
Overall, Mallory will most likely be a disappointment for those looking for high art or a top-flight genre film. But if you've lowered your expectations and simply want a few laughs and something to watch while you eat a bag of popcorn, then this may be the movie for you.
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Implementation and evaluation of a negation tagger in a pipeline-based system for information extract from pathology reports.
Medinfo, Vol. 11, No. Pt 1. (2004), pp. 663-667.
We have developed a pipeline-based system for automated annotation of Surgical Pathology Reports with UMLS terms that builds on GATE--an open-source architecture for language engineering. The system includes a module for detecting and annotating negated concepts, which implements the NegEx algorithm--an algorithm originally described for use in discharge summaries and radiology reports. We describe the implementation of the system, and early evaluation of the Negation Tagger. Our results are encouraging. In the key Final Diagnosis section, with almost no modification of the algorithm or phrase lists, the system performs with precision of 0.84 and recall of 0.80 against a gold-standard corpus of negation annotations, created by modified Delphi technique by a panel of pathologists. Further work will focus on refining the Negation Tagger and UMLS Tagger and adding additional processing resources for annotating free-text pathology reports.
We have developed a pipeline-based system for automated annotation of Surgical Pathology Reports with UMLS terms that builds on GATE--an open-source architecture for language engineering. The system includes a module for detecting and annotating negated concepts, which implements the NegEx algorithm--an algorithm originally described for use in discharge summaries and radiology reports. We describe the implementation of the system, and early evaluation of the Negation Tagger. Our results are encouraging. In the key Final Diagnosis section, with almost no modification of the algorithm or phrase lists, the system performs with precision of 0.84 and recall of 0.80 against a gold-standard corpus of negation annotations, created by modified Delphi technique by a panel of pathologists. Further work will focus on refining the Negation Tagger and UMLS Tagger and adding additional processing resources for annotating free-text pathology reports.
Don't let life 'happen' to you.
Don't let life 'happen' to you. by Craig Harper
One thing we all have in common is our desire to be successful.
The first question I often ask when I'm speaking to a group is: 'who wants to be successful?'
Naturally, every hand in the room goes up without hesitation.
People don't even have to think about it.
'Of course I want to be successful, what a stupid question.'
I then tell them that they have five minutes to write down what 'success' is.
More often than not, the majority will sit there for the most (if not, all) of the allocated time staring blankly at the page, not knowing where to start, or what to write.
'What do you want us to write', they ask.
'You said you want to be successful, write down what that (success) is', I tell them.
Because, they have never really defined success (for their own life) I experience a range of reactions. Some people get defensive and grumpy, some people get critical ('this is stupid'), some get embarrassed and some have a revelation; they get it.
Yes, they want 'different' and 'better' and 'more' but they don't actually know what that is.
Here's a truth:
Very few people actually define success for their own life....
and if you don't define it, you probably won't get it.
We put our hand in the air and say, 'yes I want to be successful'.. but we don't actually know what that means for us.
We don't have clarity about our future; we have confusion and uncertainty.
Sometimes we need to step back from the busy-ness and mayhem of our life, be still for a moment....and get some perspective, space and clarity.
In the course of my work I am constantly talking to people about the realities of their life and it never ceases to amaze me how many forty, fifty and sixty year olds have hated their life, or parts of it for years... but never really done anything to change it, because they have always let life happen to them.
They are victims.
They're angry, they're bitter, they're resentful, they're sad, they're frustrated and they're full of regrets.
Apparently their crappy life is all about situations, circumstances, lost opportunities and bad luck.
When I point out that it's actually more about how they think, behave, react and choose, than it is about anything else... I get mixed responses.
Just like we work at building a house or a business, we need to work at building our best life.
We need to make decisions.
We need to deal with our fears.
We need to stop worrying about what others think.
We need to stop procrastinating and making excuses.
We need to stop lying to ourself and others.
We need to stop looking for the convenient, easy, comfortable path and look for the rewarding, challenging, exciting, amazing and fulfilling path.
We need to stop waiting for the 'right' time.
Craig Harper (B.Ex.Sci.) is an Australian motivational speaker, qualified exercise scientist, author, columnist, radio presenter, and owner of one of the largest personal training centres in the world. He can be heard weekly on Australian Radio SEN 1116 and GOLD FM and appears on Australian television on Network Ten's 9AM.
Motivational Speaker - Craig Harper
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One thing we all have in common is our desire to be successful.
The first question I often ask when I'm speaking to a group is: 'who wants to be successful?'
Naturally, every hand in the room goes up without hesitation.
People don't even have to think about it.
'Of course I want to be successful, what a stupid question.'
I then tell them that they have five minutes to write down what 'success' is.
More often than not, the majority will sit there for the most (if not, all) of the allocated time staring blankly at the page, not knowing where to start, or what to write.
'What do you want us to write', they ask.
'You said you want to be successful, write down what that (success) is', I tell them.
Because, they have never really defined success (for their own life) I experience a range of reactions. Some people get defensive and grumpy, some people get critical ('this is stupid'), some get embarrassed and some have a revelation; they get it.
Yes, they want 'different' and 'better' and 'more' but they don't actually know what that is.
Here's a truth:
Very few people actually define success for their own life....
and if you don't define it, you probably won't get it.
We put our hand in the air and say, 'yes I want to be successful'.. but we don't actually know what that means for us.
We don't have clarity about our future; we have confusion and uncertainty.
Sometimes we need to step back from the busy-ness and mayhem of our life, be still for a moment....and get some perspective, space and clarity.
In the course of my work I am constantly talking to people about the realities of their life and it never ceases to amaze me how many forty, fifty and sixty year olds have hated their life, or parts of it for years... but never really done anything to change it, because they have always let life happen to them.
They are victims.
They're angry, they're bitter, they're resentful, they're sad, they're frustrated and they're full of regrets.
Apparently their crappy life is all about situations, circumstances, lost opportunities and bad luck.
When I point out that it's actually more about how they think, behave, react and choose, than it is about anything else... I get mixed responses.
Just like we work at building a house or a business, we need to work at building our best life.
We need to make decisions.
We need to deal with our fears.
We need to stop worrying about what others think.
We need to stop procrastinating and making excuses.
We need to stop lying to ourself and others.
We need to stop looking for the convenient, easy, comfortable path and look for the rewarding, challenging, exciting, amazing and fulfilling path.
We need to stop waiting for the 'right' time.
Craig Harper (B.Ex.Sci.) is an Australian motivational speaker, qualified exercise scientist, author, columnist, radio presenter, and owner of one of the largest personal training centres in the world. He can be heard weekly on Australian Radio SEN 1116 and GOLD FM and appears on Australian television on Network Ten's 9AM.
Motivational Speaker - Craig Harper
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The combined effects of morphine and d-amphetamine on the threshold for brain stimulation reward.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, Vol. 28, No. 2. (October 1987), pp. 311-315.
The effect of morphine and d-amphetamine co-administration on the threshold for rewarding intracranial electrical stimulation was studied in rats with electrodes stereotaxically implanted in the medial forebrain bundle-lateral hypothalamic or ventral tegmental area of the brain. Thresholds were determined by means of a rate-independent psychophysical method. Individually, morphine and d-amphetamine both caused a dose-related lowering of the reward threshold. Low doses of morphine or d-amphetamine which were ineffective or minimally effective in lowering the reward threshold were then tested with various doses of either d-amphetamine or morphine, respectively. In both cases, the combined administration of morphine and d-amphetamine resulted in a lowering of the reward threshold that was greater than for the corresponding doses of morphine and d-amphetamine when given alone. Given that increased sensitivity for rewarding brain stimulation has been suggested to be an animal model of drug-induced euphoria, this effect is congruent with the reported increase in the degree of euphoria produced when amphetamine is used in conjunction with opiate drugs.
The effect of morphine and d-amphetamine co-administration on the threshold for rewarding intracranial electrical stimulation was studied in rats with electrodes stereotaxically implanted in the medial forebrain bundle-lateral hypothalamic or ventral tegmental area of the brain. Thresholds were determined by means of a rate-independent psychophysical method. Individually, morphine and d-amphetamine both caused a dose-related lowering of the reward threshold. Low doses of morphine or d-amphetamine which were ineffective or minimally effective in lowering the reward threshold were then tested with various doses of either d-amphetamine or morphine, respectively. In both cases, the combined administration of morphine and d-amphetamine resulted in a lowering of the reward threshold that was greater than for the corresponding doses of morphine and d-amphetamine when given alone. Given that increased sensitivity for rewarding brain stimulation has been suggested to be an animal model of drug-induced euphoria, this effect is congruent with the reported increase in the degree of euphoria produced when amphetamine is used in conjunction with opiate drugs.
Cash advance payday loans: meet urgency in short d
Cash advance payday loans: meet urgency in short duration by Tess Ocean
Cash advance payday loans offers solution for those loan seekers who are looking for small and short term loan to overcome the temporary financial distress. This is when unplanned expense attacks borrower before his upcoming payday.
Cash advance payday loans as the name specifies are the loan that offers cash in advance; before the borrower's upcoming payday. Though, this advance cash is mainly used to deal with the urgent needs like unplanned medical bills, child's admission, unplanned travel expenses, etc. of the person which are impossible to ignore at certain time.
Cash advance payday loans offer the loan amount ranging from £100-£1000. This amount can be extended by considering borrower's repayment capability. Keeping in mind the next paycheck repayment term is kept for 7-31 days at stretch. The terms for cash advance payday loans are kept short and small so that borrower relieves from the cash advance payday loans with the next payday check.
But before applying for the cash advance payday loans borrower has to fulfill the certain conditions like borrower must have attained the minimum age of 18years; he must possess the minimum salary of £1200 from his present employment and the active bank account.
Cash advance payday loans can be accessed from banks, financial institutions private lenders or online lenders. Acquiring the cash advance payday loans through online lender has become simple and quick. While dealing with the online mode, borrower must feel relief and secured as it offers efficient and fast method of dealing your urgent need. Moreover while opting for the online mode lenders reduces the costs like reduction in terms of fees, rates charged on the loan and other miscellaneous expenses i.e. boarding etc.
The borrower enjoys fast cash approval as cash advance payday online loans require very less time. Once application is approved by the lender the amount for the cash advance payday online loans is electronically transferred to the borrower's account.
Cash advance payday loans are meant for the borrowers to deal with their urgent needs.
Tess Ocean has been associated with Payday Loans In The UK. She provide useful advice through her articles that have been found very useful.To find Cash Advance Payday Loans, payday loan online, cash advance payday loans UK, quick payday loans, quick payday loans UK visit http://www.paydayloansintheuk.co.uk/
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Cash advance payday loans offers solution for those loan seekers who are looking for small and short term loan to overcome the temporary financial distress. This is when unplanned expense attacks borrower before his upcoming payday.
Cash advance payday loans as the name specifies are the loan that offers cash in advance; before the borrower's upcoming payday. Though, this advance cash is mainly used to deal with the urgent needs like unplanned medical bills, child's admission, unplanned travel expenses, etc. of the person which are impossible to ignore at certain time.
Cash advance payday loans offer the loan amount ranging from £100-£1000. This amount can be extended by considering borrower's repayment capability. Keeping in mind the next paycheck repayment term is kept for 7-31 days at stretch. The terms for cash advance payday loans are kept short and small so that borrower relieves from the cash advance payday loans with the next payday check.
But before applying for the cash advance payday loans borrower has to fulfill the certain conditions like borrower must have attained the minimum age of 18years; he must possess the minimum salary of £1200 from his present employment and the active bank account.
Cash advance payday loans can be accessed from banks, financial institutions private lenders or online lenders. Acquiring the cash advance payday loans through online lender has become simple and quick. While dealing with the online mode, borrower must feel relief and secured as it offers efficient and fast method of dealing your urgent need. Moreover while opting for the online mode lenders reduces the costs like reduction in terms of fees, rates charged on the loan and other miscellaneous expenses i.e. boarding etc.
The borrower enjoys fast cash approval as cash advance payday online loans require very less time. Once application is approved by the lender the amount for the cash advance payday online loans is electronically transferred to the borrower's account.
Cash advance payday loans are meant for the borrowers to deal with their urgent needs.
Tess Ocean has been associated with Payday Loans In The UK. She provide useful advice through her articles that have been found very useful.To find Cash Advance Payday Loans, payday loan online, cash advance payday loans UK, quick payday loans, quick payday loans UK visit http://www.paydayloansintheuk.co.uk/
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Addictive drugs and brain stimulation reward.
Annual review of neuroscience, Vol. 19 (1996), pp. 319-340.
Direct electrical or chemical stimulation of specific brain regions can establish response habits similar to those established by natural rewards such as food or sexual contact. Cocaine, mu and delta opiates, nicotine, phencyclidine, and cannabis each have actions that summate with rewarding electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). The reward-potentiating effects of amphetamine and opiates are associated with central sites of action where these drugs also have their direct rewarding effects, suggesting common mechanisms for drug reward per se and for drug potentiation of brain stimulation reward. The central sites at which these and perhaps other drugs of abuse potentiate brain stimulation reward and are rewarding in their own right are consistent with the hypothesis that the laboratory reward of brain stimulation and the pharmacological rewards of addictive drugs are habit forming because they act in the brain circuits that subserve more natural and biologically significant rewards.
Direct electrical or chemical stimulation of specific brain regions can establish response habits similar to those established by natural rewards such as food or sexual contact. Cocaine, mu and delta opiates, nicotine, phencyclidine, and cannabis each have actions that summate with rewarding electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). The reward-potentiating effects of amphetamine and opiates are associated with central sites of action where these drugs also have their direct rewarding effects, suggesting common mechanisms for drug reward per se and for drug potentiation of brain stimulation reward. The central sites at which these and perhaps other drugs of abuse potentiate brain stimulation reward and are rewarding in their own right are consistent with the hypothesis that the laboratory reward of brain stimulation and the pharmacological rewards of addictive drugs are habit forming because they act in the brain circuits that subserve more natural and biologically significant rewards.
Depression Treatment: Depression Would Be Second L
Depression Treatment: Depression Would Be Second Largest Illness by 2010! by camle
World Health Organisation states one out of four worldwide suffer from various forms of mental, behavioral, and neurological disorders. Are you one of them?
It has also been estimated that depression would be the second largest illness by 2010 keeping in mind its pace by which it is affecting people world over. Here is some statistics for you: Experts in the field of mental health claim that more than half a billion people worldwide suffer from psychiatric disorders, which include abuse owing to drugs and alcohol, epilepsy, dementia, schizophrenia and stress related disorders. To break up, we have around 400 million people suffering from anxiety disorders, 340 million from mood disorders, 250 million cases of personality disorders, 100 million cases of alcohol dependence and 45 million cases of schizophrenia. Rest, calculation is left for you.
The definition of health as been stated by World Health Organisation includes physical, social, emotional and logical well being. Out of these four parameters, three are related to mental health. So, now you know how important is mental health for you and we tend to ignore it the most.
Most of us believe, especially who are suffering from mental illness, that Depression and other mental disorders are not curable. Again the specialists, doctors and psychiatric in this field totally feel the opposite. Not just its their profession but it has been proved too. With proper aid, guidance and medicines treatment of mental health is very much possible.
Depression is basically psychological disorder involving your body, mood, feelings, and even thoughts. Depression causes the change in the way you think, feel about yourself or about other things, behavior, and your well-being. Depression, if left as it is, can last for months or even years.
The auther writes articles on different topics. To know more, visit weight loss, exposed acne medication
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World Health Organisation states one out of four worldwide suffer from various forms of mental, behavioral, and neurological disorders. Are you one of them?
It has also been estimated that depression would be the second largest illness by 2010 keeping in mind its pace by which it is affecting people world over. Here is some statistics for you: Experts in the field of mental health claim that more than half a billion people worldwide suffer from psychiatric disorders, which include abuse owing to drugs and alcohol, epilepsy, dementia, schizophrenia and stress related disorders. To break up, we have around 400 million people suffering from anxiety disorders, 340 million from mood disorders, 250 million cases of personality disorders, 100 million cases of alcohol dependence and 45 million cases of schizophrenia. Rest, calculation is left for you.
The definition of health as been stated by World Health Organisation includes physical, social, emotional and logical well being. Out of these four parameters, three are related to mental health. So, now you know how important is mental health for you and we tend to ignore it the most.
Most of us believe, especially who are suffering from mental illness, that Depression and other mental disorders are not curable. Again the specialists, doctors and psychiatric in this field totally feel the opposite. Not just its their profession but it has been proved too. With proper aid, guidance and medicines treatment of mental health is very much possible.
Depression is basically psychological disorder involving your body, mood, feelings, and even thoughts. Depression causes the change in the way you think, feel about yourself or about other things, behavior, and your well-being. Depression, if left as it is, can last for months or even years.
The auther writes articles on different topics. To know more, visit weight loss, exposed acne medication
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Text Mining for Biology And Biomedicine
(30 December 2005)
With the volume of biomedical research growing exponentially worldwide, the demand for information retrieval expertise in the field has never been greater. Here’s the first guide for bioinformatics practitioners that puts the full range of biological text mining tools and techniques at their fingertips in a single dedicated volume. It describes the methods of natural language processing (NLP) and their applications in the biological domain, and spells out the various lexical, terminological, and ontological resources at their disposal â€" and how best to utilize them.
With the volume of biomedical research growing exponentially worldwide, the demand for information retrieval expertise in the field has never been greater. Here’s the first guide for bioinformatics practitioners that puts the full range of biological text mining tools and techniques at their fingertips in a single dedicated volume. It describes the methods of natural language processing (NLP) and their applications in the biological domain, and spells out the various lexical, terminological, and ontological resources at their disposal â€" and how best to utilize them.
Readers see how terminology management tools like term extraction and term structuring facilitate effective mining, and learn ways to readily identify biomedical named entities and abbreviations. The book explains how to deploy various information extraction methods for biological applications. It helps professionals evaluate and optimize text mining systems, and includes techniques for integrating text mining and data mining efforts to further facilitate biological analyses. Both a critical review of the state of the art and a solution-focused guide packed with “how to†insight, this first-of-its-kind work will prove indispensable for seasoned and first-time bioinformatics researchers alike.
Does Size Matter - Does Your Penis Size Effect You
Does Size Matter - Does Your Penis Size Effect You Sex Life by Holly Franklin
Does penis size matter? That is a question often asked by men on my website. The chances are guys that you penis is of normal size. I did research for my site and found the majority of men fell within the normal parameters of penis size. The average penis size when a little man when erect in the United States is 5.1 inches when erect.
The reason that many men feel their penis is small is because of the angle they are looking at the own penis. The way your have to look down at your manhood is a form of optical illusion and will always look smaller than those that you may see in the showers after sports just due to the angles involved.
Listen guys remember it is what you do with your penis that really gets girls going. When it comes to love-making most women cannot obtain an orgasm from vagina penetration only. Women need other forms of stimulation to become aroused and to climax. It doesn't matter if you penis isn't that large because as long as you are sympathetic lover who is willing to listen to your partner and give them what they really want, the size of your penis is not an issue.
A women's body is a complicated and beautiful thing. A women has many erogenous zones that when stimulated correctly can really bring about a fantastic climax for her. The four main zones are the clitoris, g-spot, AFE Zone and U-spot. There are many ways these zones can be stimulated from the right sexual position to hit the right spots to using a tongue or finger(s) to stimulate a partner.
In the end guys it all bout being able to understand your women. If you listen to her and openly discuss what she wants no matter the size of your penis the sex will be great and everyone will benefit. If your women are happy in the bedroom then they will be willing to please you. To sum up guys is not about size but what you do with it.
Holly's new website offers articles on self pleasure techniques for women that can actually be very useful for men to read through as it explains how a woman can learn to understand her own sexual being. If you are still concerned about what is the average size of a penis then you should visit Whatistheavergaesizeofapenis.com. If you still looking to get a bigger penis then the Ando Penis may be what you need.
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Does penis size matter? That is a question often asked by men on my website. The chances are guys that you penis is of normal size. I did research for my site and found the majority of men fell within the normal parameters of penis size. The average penis size when a little man when erect in the United States is 5.1 inches when erect.
The reason that many men feel their penis is small is because of the angle they are looking at the own penis. The way your have to look down at your manhood is a form of optical illusion and will always look smaller than those that you may see in the showers after sports just due to the angles involved.
Listen guys remember it is what you do with your penis that really gets girls going. When it comes to love-making most women cannot obtain an orgasm from vagina penetration only. Women need other forms of stimulation to become aroused and to climax. It doesn't matter if you penis isn't that large because as long as you are sympathetic lover who is willing to listen to your partner and give them what they really want, the size of your penis is not an issue.
A women's body is a complicated and beautiful thing. A women has many erogenous zones that when stimulated correctly can really bring about a fantastic climax for her. The four main zones are the clitoris, g-spot, AFE Zone and U-spot. There are many ways these zones can be stimulated from the right sexual position to hit the right spots to using a tongue or finger(s) to stimulate a partner.
In the end guys it all bout being able to understand your women. If you listen to her and openly discuss what she wants no matter the size of your penis the sex will be great and everyone will benefit. If your women are happy in the bedroom then they will be willing to please you. To sum up guys is not about size but what you do with it.
Holly's new website offers articles on self pleasure techniques for women that can actually be very useful for men to read through as it explains how a woman can learn to understand her own sexual being. If you are still concerned about what is the average size of a penis then you should visit Whatistheavergaesizeofapenis.com. If you still looking to get a bigger penis then the Ando Penis may be what you need.
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A Third Phytoene Synthase is Devoted to Abiotic Stress-Induced ABA Formation in Rice and Defines Functional Diversification of PSYs
Plant Physiol. (7 March 2008), pp.108.117028.
We here report on the characterization of a novel third phytoene synthase gene (PSY) in rice, OsPSY3, and on the differences among all three PSY genes with respect to the tissue-specific expression and regulation upon various environmental stimuli. The two already known PSYs are under phytochrome control and involved in carotenoid biosynthesis in photosynthetically active tissues and exhibit different expression patterns during chloroplast development. In contrast, OsPSY3 transcript levels are not affected by light and show almost no tissue-specific differences. Rather, OsPSY3 transcripts are upregulated during increased ABA formation upon salt treatment and drought, especially in roots. The simultaneous induction of genes encoding 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid-dioxygenases (NCEDs), involved in the initial steps of ABA biosynthesis, indicate that decreased xanthophyll levels are compensated by the induction of the third PSY gene. Furthermore, OsPSY3 and the OsNCEDs investigated were also induced by the application of ABA, indicating positive feedback regulation. The regulatory differences are mirrored by cis-acting elements in the corresponding promoter regions, with light-responsive elements for OsPSY1 and OsPSY2, and an ABRE-CE element for OsPSY3. The investigation of the gene structures and 5'UTR regions revealed that OsPSY1 represents a descendant of an ancient PSY gene present in the common ancestor of monocots and dicots. Since the genomic structures of OsPSY2 and OsPSY3 are comparable, it is concluded that they originated from the most recent common ancestor, OsPSY1. 10.1104/pp.108.117028
We here report on the characterization of a novel third phytoene synthase gene (PSY) in rice, OsPSY3, and on the differences among all three PSY genes with respect to the tissue-specific expression and regulation upon various environmental stimuli. The two already known PSYs are under phytochrome control and involved in carotenoid biosynthesis in photosynthetically active tissues and exhibit different expression patterns during chloroplast development. In contrast, OsPSY3 transcript levels are not affected by light and show almost no tissue-specific differences. Rather, OsPSY3 transcripts are upregulated during increased ABA formation upon salt treatment and drought, especially in roots. The simultaneous induction of genes encoding 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid-dioxygenases (NCEDs), involved in the initial steps of ABA biosynthesis, indicate that decreased xanthophyll levels are compensated by the induction of the third PSY gene. Furthermore, OsPSY3 and the OsNCEDs investigated were also induced by the application of ABA, indicating positive feedback regulation. The regulatory differences are mirrored by cis-acting elements in the corresponding promoter regions, with light-responsive elements for OsPSY1 and OsPSY2, and an ABRE-CE element for OsPSY3. The investigation of the gene structures and 5'UTR regions revealed that OsPSY1 represents a descendant of an ancient PSY gene present in the common ancestor of monocots and dicots. Since the genomic structures of OsPSY2 and OsPSY3 are comparable, it is concluded that they originated from the most recent common ancestor, OsPSY1. 10.1104/pp.108.117028
Medicine and Positive Thinking - Healing and Welln
Medicine and Positive Thinking - Healing and Wellness through Positive Thinking by Lee, Michael
Positive thinking has, for the longest time, been relegated to the realm of new age, inspirational, and metaphysical healing rather than to the empirical fields of science and physiology. Medicine and positive thinking, therefore, were once thought to go together like brownies and onions. But recent findings have revealed that medicine and positive thinking may not be as incompatible after all. Indeed, they may actually be far more complementary than we could ever imagine.
Not only is positive thinking good for mental health, but it is now scientifically proven to be just as healthy for the body. Optimists generally have lower levels of stress hormones and are at lower risk for cardiovascular disease — telltale signs of a healthier immune system—compared to those of pessimists. Positive thinkers are also more likely to get well faster during treatment for a physical illness.
If negative factors like anxiety and stress can adversely affect a person's physical well-being, then it should follow that positive thinking has a reverse effect. The only reason this hasn't been readily accepted as truth before is because for years, we have tended to focus more on the negative, measuring and quantifying depression and such while the scales of happiness remained uncharted.
Research has repeatedly shown that chronic and psychological stress delays the healing process, reduces vaccine effectiveness, and diminishes the immune system's health. Here, at least, we have known that there is, in fact, an obvious connection between what you know and feel in your head and how your body responds to it. Literally, you are what you think.
Medicine and positive thinking are hardly interchangeable, but they work wonders when taken hand in hand. So when you're sick, expect positive results. Picture yourself in the prime of health; or if you want to be more realistic, visualize yourself recuperating from your sickness. Laugh your way to recovery. That is the best medicine, after all, according to the well-known proverb.
Positive expectations, like the placebo effect, can greatly reduce pain; thus, proving the innate power of an optimistic outlook in life. So do yourself a favor by thinking positive and helping yourself get better.
Medicine and positive thinking do work famously together. It is not believing in a false hope, but rather embracing the beauty of life despite its many setbacks. Positive thinking was never meant to be a miracle cure, but if you focus on living instead of drowning in anger, sorrow, and self-pity, you may just find yourself thinking your way to health and wellness.
Michael Lee is unbelievably giving away over $2355 worth of the best self-help ebooks FREE at http://www.20daypersuasion.com/goldaccess.htm so take advantage now before it's too late!
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Positive thinking has, for the longest time, been relegated to the realm of new age, inspirational, and metaphysical healing rather than to the empirical fields of science and physiology. Medicine and positive thinking, therefore, were once thought to go together like brownies and onions. But recent findings have revealed that medicine and positive thinking may not be as incompatible after all. Indeed, they may actually be far more complementary than we could ever imagine.
Not only is positive thinking good for mental health, but it is now scientifically proven to be just as healthy for the body. Optimists generally have lower levels of stress hormones and are at lower risk for cardiovascular disease — telltale signs of a healthier immune system—compared to those of pessimists. Positive thinkers are also more likely to get well faster during treatment for a physical illness.
If negative factors like anxiety and stress can adversely affect a person's physical well-being, then it should follow that positive thinking has a reverse effect. The only reason this hasn't been readily accepted as truth before is because for years, we have tended to focus more on the negative, measuring and quantifying depression and such while the scales of happiness remained uncharted.
Research has repeatedly shown that chronic and psychological stress delays the healing process, reduces vaccine effectiveness, and diminishes the immune system's health. Here, at least, we have known that there is, in fact, an obvious connection between what you know and feel in your head and how your body responds to it. Literally, you are what you think.
Medicine and positive thinking are hardly interchangeable, but they work wonders when taken hand in hand. So when you're sick, expect positive results. Picture yourself in the prime of health; or if you want to be more realistic, visualize yourself recuperating from your sickness. Laugh your way to recovery. That is the best medicine, after all, according to the well-known proverb.
Positive expectations, like the placebo effect, can greatly reduce pain; thus, proving the innate power of an optimistic outlook in life. So do yourself a favor by thinking positive and helping yourself get better.
Medicine and positive thinking do work famously together. It is not believing in a false hope, but rather embracing the beauty of life despite its many setbacks. Positive thinking was never meant to be a miracle cure, but if you focus on living instead of drowning in anger, sorrow, and self-pity, you may just find yourself thinking your way to health and wellness.
Michael Lee is unbelievably giving away over $2355 worth of the best self-help ebooks FREE at http://www.20daypersuasion.com/goldaccess.htm so take advantage now before it's too late!
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Low temperature and daylength cues are integrated to regulate FLOWERING LOCUS T in barley
Plant Physiol. (21 March 2008), pp.108.116418.
Interactions between flowering time genes were examined in a doubled haploid barley (Hordeum vulgare) population segregating for VERNALIZATION1 (HvVRN1), VERNALIZATION2 (HvVRN2) and PHOTOPERIOD1 (PPD-H1). A deletion allele of HvVRN2 was associated with rapid inflorescence initiation and early flowering, but only in lines with an active allele of PPD-H1. In these lines, the floral promoter FLOWERING LOCUS T (HvFT1) was expressed at high levels without vernalization, and this preceded induction of HvVRN1. Lines with the deletion allele of HvVRN2 and the inactive ppd-H1 allele did not undergo rapid inflorescence initiation and were late flowering. These data suggest that HvVRN2 counteracts PPD-H1 to prevent flowering prior to vernalization. An allele of HvVRN1 that is expressed at high basal levels (HvVRN1-1) was associated with rapid inflorescence initiation regardless of HvVRN2 or PPD-H1 genotype. HvFT1 was expressed without vernalization in lines with the HvVRN1-1 allele and HvFT1 transcript levels were highest in lines with the active PPD-H1 allele; this correlated with rapid apex development post-inflorescence initiation. Thus, expression of HvVRN1 promotes inflorescence initiation and up-regulates HvFT1. Analysis of HvVRN1 expression in different genetic backgrounds post-vernalization showed that HvVRN2, HvFT1 and PPD-H1 are unlikely to play a role in low-temperature induction of HvVRN1. In a vernalization responsive barley, HvFT1 is not induced by low-temperatures alone, but can be induced by long days following prolonged low-temperature treatment. We conclude that low-temperature and daylength flowering-response pathways are integrated to control expression of HvFT1 in barley, and that this might occur through regulation of HvVRN2 activity. 10.1104/pp.108.116418
Interactions between flowering time genes were examined in a doubled haploid barley (Hordeum vulgare) population segregating for VERNALIZATION1 (HvVRN1), VERNALIZATION2 (HvVRN2) and PHOTOPERIOD1 (PPD-H1). A deletion allele of HvVRN2 was associated with rapid inflorescence initiation and early flowering, but only in lines with an active allele of PPD-H1. In these lines, the floral promoter FLOWERING LOCUS T (HvFT1) was expressed at high levels without vernalization, and this preceded induction of HvVRN1. Lines with the deletion allele of HvVRN2 and the inactive ppd-H1 allele did not undergo rapid inflorescence initiation and were late flowering. These data suggest that HvVRN2 counteracts PPD-H1 to prevent flowering prior to vernalization. An allele of HvVRN1 that is expressed at high basal levels (HvVRN1-1) was associated with rapid inflorescence initiation regardless of HvVRN2 or PPD-H1 genotype. HvFT1 was expressed without vernalization in lines with the HvVRN1-1 allele and HvFT1 transcript levels were highest in lines with the active PPD-H1 allele; this correlated with rapid apex development post-inflorescence initiation. Thus, expression of HvVRN1 promotes inflorescence initiation and up-regulates HvFT1. Analysis of HvVRN1 expression in different genetic backgrounds post-vernalization showed that HvVRN2, HvFT1 and PPD-H1 are unlikely to play a role in low-temperature induction of HvVRN1. In a vernalization responsive barley, HvFT1 is not induced by low-temperatures alone, but can be induced by long days following prolonged low-temperature treatment. We conclude that low-temperature and daylength flowering-response pathways are integrated to control expression of HvFT1 in barley, and that this might occur through regulation of HvVRN2 activity. 10.1104/pp.108.116418
Potential Sites of Bioactive Gibberellin Production during Reproductive Growth in Arabidopsis
Plant Cell, Vol. 20, No. 2. (1 February 2008), pp. 320-336.
Gibberellin 3-oxidase (GA3ox) catalyzes the final step in the synthesis of bioactive gibberellins (GAs). We examined the expression patterns of all four GA3ox genes in Arabidopsis thaliana by promoter-glucuronidase gene fusions and by quantitative RT-PCR and defined their physiological roles by characterizing single, double, and triple mutants. In developing flowers, GA3ox genes are only expressed in stamen filaments, anthers, and flower receptacles. Mutant plants that lack both GA3ox1 and GA3ox3 functions displayed stamen and petal defects, indicating that these two genes are important for GA production in the flower. Our data suggest that de novo synthesis of active GAs is necessary for stamen development in early flowers and that bioactive GAs made in the stamens and/or flower receptacles are transported to petals to promote their growth. In developing siliques, GA3ox1 is mainly expressed in the replums, funiculi, and the silique receptacles, whereas the other GA3ox genes are only expressed in developing seeds. Active GAs appear to be transported from the seed endosperm to the surrounding maternal tissues where they promote growth. The immediate upregulation of GA3ox1 and GA3ox4 after anthesis suggests that pollination and/or fertilization is a prerequisite for de novo GA biosynthesis in fruit, which in turn promotes initial elongation of the silique. 10.1105/tpc.107.057752
Gibberellin 3-oxidase (GA3ox) catalyzes the final step in the synthesis of bioactive gibberellins (GAs). We examined the expression patterns of all four GA3ox genes in Arabidopsis thaliana by promoter-glucuronidase gene fusions and by quantitative RT-PCR and defined their physiological roles by characterizing single, double, and triple mutants. In developing flowers, GA3ox genes are only expressed in stamen filaments, anthers, and flower receptacles. Mutant plants that lack both GA3ox1 and GA3ox3 functions displayed stamen and petal defects, indicating that these two genes are important for GA production in the flower. Our data suggest that de novo synthesis of active GAs is necessary for stamen development in early flowers and that bioactive GAs made in the stamens and/or flower receptacles are transported to petals to promote their growth. In developing siliques, GA3ox1 is mainly expressed in the replums, funiculi, and the silique receptacles, whereas the other GA3ox genes are only expressed in developing seeds. Active GAs appear to be transported from the seed endosperm to the surrounding maternal tissues where they promote growth. The immediate upregulation of GA3ox1 and GA3ox4 after anthesis suggests that pollination and/or fertilization is a prerequisite for de novo GA biosynthesis in fruit, which in turn promotes initial elongation of the silique. 10.1105/tpc.107.057752
ACAI Berry Named Top 10 Superfoods For Anti-Aging
ACAI Berry Named Top 10 Superfoods For Anti-Aging by Dr. Nicholas Perricone by albertvatse
The benefits from eating healthy are endless. And, according to Dr. Nicholas Perricone, some foods can be eaten to help you look and age better! At the top of the list is the acai fruit from the Amazon forest. This little berry is one of the most nutritious and powerful foods in the world. It can often be found in juice form in health food and gourmet stores.
A previously little-known fruit harvested from the Brazilian rainforest is now gaining recognition for its high levels of the cholesterol-fighting fatty acids, Omega 6 and Omega 9, and its strong concentration -- up to 33 times that found in red wine grapes -- of anthocyanin, a powerful anti-oxidant.
The acai berry is especially noteworthy for the antioxidant properties afforded by its concentration of anthocyanin -- which is also present in red wine -- that prevents oxidants from harming connective tissue while repairing damaged proteins in blood vessel walls. This helps explain the "French Paradox." The French, who are noted wine drinkers, have one of the lowest incidences of heart disease of any westernized society despite a diet high in cholesterol and saturated fat.
Monavie Inc., a network marketing company started in 2004, is gearing up for launch on January 8, 2005. The company was formed to market a wellness product, the Acai Amazon Berry, in the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico, Singapore and Australia. With 10 times the antioxidants of grapes and twice the antioxidants of blueberries, the Brazilian Acai berry is considered to have the best nutritional value of any fruit on earth.
The auther writes articles on different topics. To know more, visit exposed acne product, exposed acne v s proactive
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The benefits from eating healthy are endless. And, according to Dr. Nicholas Perricone, some foods can be eaten to help you look and age better! At the top of the list is the acai fruit from the Amazon forest. This little berry is one of the most nutritious and powerful foods in the world. It can often be found in juice form in health food and gourmet stores.
A previously little-known fruit harvested from the Brazilian rainforest is now gaining recognition for its high levels of the cholesterol-fighting fatty acids, Omega 6 and Omega 9, and its strong concentration -- up to 33 times that found in red wine grapes -- of anthocyanin, a powerful anti-oxidant.
The acai berry is especially noteworthy for the antioxidant properties afforded by its concentration of anthocyanin -- which is also present in red wine -- that prevents oxidants from harming connective tissue while repairing damaged proteins in blood vessel walls. This helps explain the "French Paradox." The French, who are noted wine drinkers, have one of the lowest incidences of heart disease of any westernized society despite a diet high in cholesterol and saturated fat.
Monavie Inc., a network marketing company started in 2004, is gearing up for launch on January 8, 2005. The company was formed to market a wellness product, the Acai Amazon Berry, in the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico, Singapore and Australia. With 10 times the antioxidants of grapes and twice the antioxidants of blueberries, the Brazilian Acai berry is considered to have the best nutritional value of any fruit on earth.
The auther writes articles on different topics. To know more, visit exposed acne product, exposed acne v s proactive
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Context-aware computing: a guide for the pervasive computing community
Pervasive Services, 2004. ICPS 2004. Proceedings. The IEEE/ACS International Conference on (2004), pp. 39-48.
There is a high interest on context-aware computing expressed by the pervasive computing community, which considers context as a key to design more adaptive applications. Due to this interest, a huge amount of contributions have been made in the field as we can notice from the increasing amount of publications on context and context-aware computing. However, the user interested in integrating context in its specific application will rapidly find himself in a jungle of various tools and techniques. This paper aims at structuring this information by providing a survey on the main context-aware categorization, acquisition and modeling techniques. "Main" refers to the most promising techniques in terms of their genericity in a way that they can be used in various application domains. This work tends to provide a guide for the pervasive computing community in order to select the best technique to use in a specific application or -more interesting- to justify the development of a new one.
There is a high interest on context-aware computing expressed by the pervasive computing community, which considers context as a key to design more adaptive applications. Due to this interest, a huge amount of contributions have been made in the field as we can notice from the increasing amount of publications on context and context-aware computing. However, the user interested in integrating context in its specific application will rapidly find himself in a jungle of various tools and techniques. This paper aims at structuring this information by providing a survey on the main context-aware categorization, acquisition and modeling techniques. "Main" refers to the most promising techniques in terms of their genericity in a way that they can be used in various application domains. This work tends to provide a guide for the pervasive computing community in order to select the best technique to use in a specific application or -more interesting- to justify the development of a new one.
Effects of nucleus accumbens amphetamine on lateral hypothalamic brain stimulation reward.
Brain research, Vol. 459, No. 2. (6 September 1988), pp. 361-368.
The effects of amphetamine were examined in a brain stimulation reward paradigm in which response rate was measured across a range of stimulation frequencies. Both low (0.0625 and 0.125 mg/kg) and high (1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg) doses of systemic amphetamine decreased the stimulation frequency needed to sustain low rates of responding; high doses decreased the maximal response rates that were sustained by the highest stimulation frequencies. Ipsilateral microinjections (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 micrograms/0.5 microliter) of D-amphetamine sulfate into the nucleus accumbens also caused shifts to the left of the rate-frequency function; no central dose caused a change in the asymptotic response rate associated with high stimulation frequencies. Contralateral injections of D-amphetamine (10.0 micrograms) also shifted the rate-frequency functions to the left, but were much less potent. Ipsilateral injections of D-amphetamine into the caudate were also less potent, suggesting nucleus accumbens rather than more dorsal tissue as the site of this behavioral action. Also less potent were the effects of L-amphetamine, ruling out non-specific effects of pH, osmolarity and the like and also ruling out noradrenergic actions as explanations of the behavioral effects of the injections. These data suggest that nucleus accumbens is a site of amphetamine's reward-enhancing and threshold-lowering effects on brain stimulation reward.
The effects of amphetamine were examined in a brain stimulation reward paradigm in which response rate was measured across a range of stimulation frequencies. Both low (0.0625 and 0.125 mg/kg) and high (1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg) doses of systemic amphetamine decreased the stimulation frequency needed to sustain low rates of responding; high doses decreased the maximal response rates that were sustained by the highest stimulation frequencies. Ipsilateral microinjections (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 micrograms/0.5 microliter) of D-amphetamine sulfate into the nucleus accumbens also caused shifts to the left of the rate-frequency function; no central dose caused a change in the asymptotic response rate associated with high stimulation frequencies. Contralateral injections of D-amphetamine (10.0 micrograms) also shifted the rate-frequency functions to the left, but were much less potent. Ipsilateral injections of D-amphetamine into the caudate were also less potent, suggesting nucleus accumbens rather than more dorsal tissue as the site of this behavioral action. Also less potent were the effects of L-amphetamine, ruling out non-specific effects of pH, osmolarity and the like and also ruling out noradrenergic actions as explanations of the behavioral effects of the injections. These data suggest that nucleus accumbens is a site of amphetamine's reward-enhancing and threshold-lowering effects on brain stimulation reward.
The Downsides Of Reciprocal Linking To Increase Se
The Downsides Of Reciprocal Linking To Increase Search Engine Rankings by Brian Gilley -
Reciprocal linking is still a highly sought after method for many companies and webmasters hoping to increase their web site's ranking in the search engines. Back in 2002, when reciprocal linking firmly took its place as a real way to boost your rankings, many webmasters and sites started using it to quickly and frantically get the upper edge on their competition and the search engines. But, like all short lived and unnatural ways to boost web site rankings, reciprocal linking has quickly just become another very loosely based and often worthless method for many sites trying to get their sites ranked by the search engines.
Let's look at some of the reasons why reciprocal linking is fading fast, and why some sites who still use the examples I'll describe below are left with hours, weeks, and possibly months worth of wasted marketing for their own sites.
The first thing I like to think about with any linking campaign or any sort is how easy it is to spot reciprocal linking from Google's standpoint. If they can spot unnatural linking building, and they likely will, then the other big search engines aren't far behind.
Here are my methodologies for reciprocal linking from Google's standpoint:
1) All of the reciprocal pages and links are very easy to identify. The URLs on sites where the links "live" are often a dead giveaway, many times using 'reciprocal-links.html, 'reciprocal-links-2.html,' etc. for all of the linking pages. Many variations of these types of URLs are used and are easily spotted by Google, even if you call them 'resource' pages they are still essentially just reciprocal links pages.
2) On all of the reciprocal links pages, the links are set up and displayed the exact same way. There is no variance in page layout or how the links display. By this, I mean the bulk of reciprocal links pages only have this:
Link & Anchor text - description goes here...
Link & Anchor text - description goes here...
Link & Anchor text - description goes here...
Link & Anchor text - description goes here...
Get the idea here? This is extremely easy to spot and demote by Google or any other search engine.
3) Often reciprocal links are nothing more than completely automated – the emails, the reply emails, the code that inserts the links on pages, everything. Practically the only thing a webmaster has to do nowadays is just click a button and have the new batch of reciprocal links appear on their link pages. And Google and other search engines know this. There's no 'real' reciprocal business or mutual working relationship between the two sites reciprocating. They are simply trying to boost each other's rankings in the search engines - nothing more, nothing less.
4) Unnatural, unnatural, unnatural. Reciprocal links were built on the reputation of boosting one's page popularity and rankings in the search engines and are being used very erratically. Some webmasters simply abuse this method without one thought to other, more substantial methods of building quality links to their site. A worst situation is that some webmasters use this as their only method for building links to their site.
An example of unnatural and erratic link building would be a pharmacy web site sending out a link exchange email to practically any site, no matter the industry they're in, even to a poker related site. This is extremely unrelated and, quite often, just links two sites together that have nothing to do with each other, not to mention the example above describes two industries that search engines frown upon anyway.
Reciprocal page "directories" are worse than the recent hay-day of directories that just scraped Dmoz.org results simply regurgitated them on their own site because at least Dmoz.org spent the time to categorize and accept links based on some sort of acceptance guidelines. Reciprocal link directories often have no guidelines except the fact that a link has to be placed on one site before it's placed on the other. In the end you just end up with page of links not related to anything else on your web site, often proving that there's zero targeting and zero concern for quality.
If webmasters still continue to use reciprocal linking as a method to boost page rankings, changes will need to take place. If you are going to reciprocate links, do it within context on the site that is specifically written for or by the other site, much like what you see on blogs today where links appear randomly throughout the text in a paragraph.
Use reciprocal linking sparingly and really mix up the way they look on the pages of your site. Do not follow the example I listed above and simply display the anchor text and link along side the description. Even use the old method of site A, linking to site C, and site B links back to site A, if they are all on different IP addresses.
Lastly, and the most important advice is do not rely on reciprocal linking campaigns alone. To get truly natural links to your site you need to syndicate articles with links, submit to directories, and gain links through targeted sites willing to work with you in some way. Google's "Jagger" update proved itself enough to wipe out many reciprocal linking networks and sites who use them and it's only a matter of time before further Google updates will penalize or demote what they initially left behind.
Brian Gilley is the President of SEOposition.com, a North Carolina based search engine marketing company. For information on link building services, visit us today.
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Reciprocal linking is still a highly sought after method for many companies and webmasters hoping to increase their web site's ranking in the search engines. Back in 2002, when reciprocal linking firmly took its place as a real way to boost your rankings, many webmasters and sites started using it to quickly and frantically get the upper edge on their competition and the search engines. But, like all short lived and unnatural ways to boost web site rankings, reciprocal linking has quickly just become another very loosely based and often worthless method for many sites trying to get their sites ranked by the search engines.
Let's look at some of the reasons why reciprocal linking is fading fast, and why some sites who still use the examples I'll describe below are left with hours, weeks, and possibly months worth of wasted marketing for their own sites.
The first thing I like to think about with any linking campaign or any sort is how easy it is to spot reciprocal linking from Google's standpoint. If they can spot unnatural linking building, and they likely will, then the other big search engines aren't far behind.
Here are my methodologies for reciprocal linking from Google's standpoint:
1) All of the reciprocal pages and links are very easy to identify. The URLs on sites where the links "live" are often a dead giveaway, many times using 'reciprocal-links.html, 'reciprocal-links-2.html,' etc. for all of the linking pages. Many variations of these types of URLs are used and are easily spotted by Google, even if you call them 'resource' pages they are still essentially just reciprocal links pages.
2) On all of the reciprocal links pages, the links are set up and displayed the exact same way. There is no variance in page layout or how the links display. By this, I mean the bulk of reciprocal links pages only have this:
Link & Anchor text - description goes here...
Link & Anchor text - description goes here...
Link & Anchor text - description goes here...
Link & Anchor text - description goes here...
Get the idea here? This is extremely easy to spot and demote by Google or any other search engine.
3) Often reciprocal links are nothing more than completely automated – the emails, the reply emails, the code that inserts the links on pages, everything. Practically the only thing a webmaster has to do nowadays is just click a button and have the new batch of reciprocal links appear on their link pages. And Google and other search engines know this. There's no 'real' reciprocal business or mutual working relationship between the two sites reciprocating. They are simply trying to boost each other's rankings in the search engines - nothing more, nothing less.
4) Unnatural, unnatural, unnatural. Reciprocal links were built on the reputation of boosting one's page popularity and rankings in the search engines and are being used very erratically. Some webmasters simply abuse this method without one thought to other, more substantial methods of building quality links to their site. A worst situation is that some webmasters use this as their only method for building links to their site.
An example of unnatural and erratic link building would be a pharmacy web site sending out a link exchange email to practically any site, no matter the industry they're in, even to a poker related site. This is extremely unrelated and, quite often, just links two sites together that have nothing to do with each other, not to mention the example above describes two industries that search engines frown upon anyway.
Reciprocal page "directories" are worse than the recent hay-day of directories that just scraped Dmoz.org results simply regurgitated them on their own site because at least Dmoz.org spent the time to categorize and accept links based on some sort of acceptance guidelines. Reciprocal link directories often have no guidelines except the fact that a link has to be placed on one site before it's placed on the other. In the end you just end up with page of links not related to anything else on your web site, often proving that there's zero targeting and zero concern for quality.
If webmasters still continue to use reciprocal linking as a method to boost page rankings, changes will need to take place. If you are going to reciprocate links, do it within context on the site that is specifically written for or by the other site, much like what you see on blogs today where links appear randomly throughout the text in a paragraph.
Use reciprocal linking sparingly and really mix up the way they look on the pages of your site. Do not follow the example I listed above and simply display the anchor text and link along side the description. Even use the old method of site A, linking to site C, and site B links back to site A, if they are all on different IP addresses.
Lastly, and the most important advice is do not rely on reciprocal linking campaigns alone. To get truly natural links to your site you need to syndicate articles with links, submit to directories, and gain links through targeted sites willing to work with you in some way. Google's "Jagger" update proved itself enough to wipe out many reciprocal linking networks and sites who use them and it's only a matter of time before further Google updates will penalize or demote what they initially left behind.
Brian Gilley is the President of SEOposition.com, a North Carolina based search engine marketing company. For information on link building services, visit us today.
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Promoter-Proximal Introns in Arabidopsis thaliana Are Enriched in Dispersed Signals that Elevate Gene Expression
Plant Cell (4 March 2008), tpc.107.057190.
Introns that elevate mRNA accumulation have been found in a wide range of eukaryotes. However, not all introns affect gene expression, and direct testing is currently the only way to identify stimulatory introns. Our genome-wide analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana revealed that promoter-proximal introns as a group are compositionally distinct from distal introns and that the degree to which an individual intron matches the promoter-proximal intron profile is a strong predictor of its ability to increase expression. We found that the sequences responsible for elevating expression are dispersed throughout an enhancing intron, as is a candidate motif that is overrepresented in first introns and whose occurrence in tested introns is proportional to its effect on expression. The signals responsible for intron-mediated enhancement are apparently conserved between Arabidopsis and rice (Oryza sativa) despite the large evolutionary distance separating these plants. 10.1105/tpc.107.057190
Introns that elevate mRNA accumulation have been found in a wide range of eukaryotes. However, not all introns affect gene expression, and direct testing is currently the only way to identify stimulatory introns. Our genome-wide analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana revealed that promoter-proximal introns as a group are compositionally distinct from distal introns and that the degree to which an individual intron matches the promoter-proximal intron profile is a strong predictor of its ability to increase expression. We found that the sequences responsible for elevating expression are dispersed throughout an enhancing intron, as is a candidate motif that is overrepresented in first introns and whose occurrence in tested introns is proportional to its effect on expression. The signals responsible for intron-mediated enhancement are apparently conserved between Arabidopsis and rice (Oryza sativa) despite the large evolutionary distance separating these plants. 10.1105/tpc.107.057190
Fix that Flat: Common Sense Tips for Using a Tire
Fix that Flat: Common Sense Tips for Using a Tire Jack by Levi Quinn
When you need to jack your car up to change a tire, it may not always be under ideal conditions. Regardless of whether you're on the side of a highway or in the relative comfort of your own garage, the process of lifting a vehicle weighing thousands of pounds entails some risk. By following a few simple procedures, you can minimize any hazards to yourself and your vehicle.
Know Your Jack
Most vehicles come equipped with a small scissor jack. This jack will be functional enough for an emergency tire-change on the roadside. Before you're in an emergency situation, familiarize yourself with your specific jack and how it works.
Secure the Area
When possible, ensure that vehicle is parked on a level surface. Make sure that the car is secure. The emergency brake should be firmly set. Vehicles with automatic transmissions should be in "park," while ones with manual transmissions should be left in gear. Wedge bricks or blocks to the front and back of the tire on a diagonal from the tire to be lifted.
Pick Your Battleground
Determine an appropriate place to set the jack. A common novice mistake is to set the jack under a bumper or body panel. These areas aren't designed to hold the weight of the entire car; they can break under the strain and allow the car to fall. The jack must go under the vehicle's frame, otherwise known as the chassis. Most cars are designed with a specific location for jack placement. When in doubt, check your owner's manual.
Keep it Steady
Make sure that the jack is placed on a stable, even surface. If the ground is rough or covered with gravel, place a broad, sturdy board underneath the jack. This is especially important with small, factory-provided tire jacks, which may very have narrow bases.
Proceed with Caution
Crank the jack up slowly. Although you may be in a hurry, take your time. Be careful to not have any part of your body underneath the car, so as not to be injured if the vehicle should fall. Once the car is lifted enough for the tire to clear the ground, push on it a bit to verify its stability on the jack.
Lower the Vehicle
Now that the tire has been changed, bring the car back down just as you jacked it up: slowly and with care. Once again, no part of your body (or anyone else's) should be underneath the vehicle. If there are other people present or assisting, have them step back away from the car and out of the way. Finally, remove the blocks from the chocked wheel.
By working at an even pace and using common sense, you should be able to raise a vehicle, change its tire, and lower it again safely. Keep in mind that these instructions only apply to lift a car to change a tire, not to any kind of repair work that requires you to get underneath the car; for that, further precautions will be necessary.
Find the best deal on the auto insurance coverage you need. Visit us today for money-saving tips and receive free quotes for cheap car insurance from respected insurance companies.
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When you need to jack your car up to change a tire, it may not always be under ideal conditions. Regardless of whether you're on the side of a highway or in the relative comfort of your own garage, the process of lifting a vehicle weighing thousands of pounds entails some risk. By following a few simple procedures, you can minimize any hazards to yourself and your vehicle.
Know Your Jack
Most vehicles come equipped with a small scissor jack. This jack will be functional enough for an emergency tire-change on the roadside. Before you're in an emergency situation, familiarize yourself with your specific jack and how it works.
Secure the Area
When possible, ensure that vehicle is parked on a level surface. Make sure that the car is secure. The emergency brake should be firmly set. Vehicles with automatic transmissions should be in "park," while ones with manual transmissions should be left in gear. Wedge bricks or blocks to the front and back of the tire on a diagonal from the tire to be lifted.
Pick Your Battleground
Determine an appropriate place to set the jack. A common novice mistake is to set the jack under a bumper or body panel. These areas aren't designed to hold the weight of the entire car; they can break under the strain and allow the car to fall. The jack must go under the vehicle's frame, otherwise known as the chassis. Most cars are designed with a specific location for jack placement. When in doubt, check your owner's manual.
Keep it Steady
Make sure that the jack is placed on a stable, even surface. If the ground is rough or covered with gravel, place a broad, sturdy board underneath the jack. This is especially important with small, factory-provided tire jacks, which may very have narrow bases.
Proceed with Caution
Crank the jack up slowly. Although you may be in a hurry, take your time. Be careful to not have any part of your body underneath the car, so as not to be injured if the vehicle should fall. Once the car is lifted enough for the tire to clear the ground, push on it a bit to verify its stability on the jack.
Lower the Vehicle
Now that the tire has been changed, bring the car back down just as you jacked it up: slowly and with care. Once again, no part of your body (or anyone else's) should be underneath the vehicle. If there are other people present or assisting, have them step back away from the car and out of the way. Finally, remove the blocks from the chocked wheel.
By working at an even pace and using common sense, you should be able to raise a vehicle, change its tire, and lower it again safely. Keep in mind that these instructions only apply to lift a car to change a tire, not to any kind of repair work that requires you to get underneath the car; for that, further precautions will be necessary.
Find the best deal on the auto insurance coverage you need. Visit us today for money-saving tips and receive free quotes for cheap car insurance from respected insurance companies.
Article Directory: Article Dashboard
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